Ketahui Persentase Kemungkinan Sembuhnya Kanker
Mendengar kata kanker, orang akan langsung bergidik. Penyakit ganas ini menyerang tanpa pandang usia dan jenis kelamin. Yang mengkhawatirkan, penyakit ini sulit atau bahkan hampir mustahil disembuhkan. Yang menjadi pertanyaan kemudian adalah, apa yang bisa membuat seseorang terkena kanker?
Kanker pada dasarnya terjadi karena mutasi sel-sel normal secara berulang sehingga membentuk sel ganas yang berkembang secara tak terkendali dan mengganggu kelangsungan hidup sel-sel normal.
Yang unik dari sel kanker adalah kemampuannya untuk membuat sendiri pembuluh darah agar sel-sel kanker yang tumbuh dapat memasok makanannya sendiri.
Seluruh sel-sel di bagian tubuh yang bisa membelah bisa berubah menjadi sel kanker, kecuali kuku dan rambut. Oleh karena itu, kanker ada berbagai macam jenis sesuai tempat tumbuhnya, mulai dari kanker kulit, payudara, prostat, paru, hingga kanker darah. Penyebabnya pun juga beraneka ragam.
“Faktor penyebab kanker adalah keturunan dan lingkungan. Orang belum tentu kena kanker jika belum ada kesesuaian antara faktor keturunan dan lingkungan. Contohnya pada pasien kanker paru, ada banyak pasien yang terserang kanker paru karena kebiasaan merokok. Namun ada juga perokok yang tidak terkena kanker paru. Padahal rokok diketahui sangat berisiko memicu kanker,” kata Dr dr Andhika Rachman, SpPD, dokter ahli kanker dari RS Kanker Dharmais seperti dituturkan kepada detikHealth.
Secara umum, dr Andhika menjelaskan bahwa penyebab kanker bisa digolongkan karena acquired dan congenital. Dikatakan acquired jika proses terjadinya kanker karena berbagai faktor yang didapatkan setelah kelahiran. Sedangkan congenital jika kanker terjadi karena proses patologis atau individu sudah berpotensi kanker sejak sebelum dilahirkan.
Faktor-faktor yang didapat setelah kelahiran dari lingkungan (acquired) jauh lebih besar pengaruhnya dalam perkembangan kanker. Perbandingan kasarnya adalah sekitar 80% kejadian kanker bersifat acquired dan 20% sisanya karena congenital.
Penyebab dari faktor lingkungan pun ada bermacam-macam, salah satu contohnya adalah makanan. Makanan yang mengandung kadar garam yang tinggi, makanan yang diasapi, daging merah, makanan fermentasi, makanan gosong hingga bahan kimia dalam makanan seperti formalin terbukti bisa memicu kanker.
Mutasi sel bisa juga disebabkan oleh radiasi nuklir. Contoh kasusnya, beberapa tahun setelah bom atom meluluhlantakkan kota Hiroshima pada Perang Dunia II, warga di sekitar kota yang masih selamat banyak mengalami kanker kulit. Tak hanya itu, paparan medan listrik di luar kapasitas yang mampu diterima oleh sel juga bisa memicu kanker.
“Pada kanker hati, penyebabnya kebanyakan dipicu oleh penyakit hepatitits B dan C. Kanker lambung bisa dipicu oleh infeksi Helicobacter pylori karena maag yang terjadi secara berulang sehingga merusak lapisan lambung. Kanker esofagus bisa ditimbulkan oleh naiknya asam lambung ke kerongkongan. Seringnya asam lambung yang naik ini akan menciptakan baret esofagus dan akhirnya memicu kanker,” kata dr Andhika.
Dr Andhika sangat menganjurkan pentingnya deteksi dini. Semakin cepat kanker dideteksi, kemungkinan sembuhya juga makin besar. Kanker yang masih berada dalam stadium bawah masih memiliki kemungkinan besar untuk disembuhkan. Semakin lanjut stadiumnya, maka kanker akan makin sulit disembuhkan.
Beberapa tingkat keparahan kanker beserta kemungkinan sembuhnya adalah sebagai berikut:
Pada stadium I, kemungkinan sembuhnya sebesar 90%
Pada stadium II, kemungkinan sembuhnya menurun jadi 70%
Pada stadium II, kemungkinan sembuhnya menjadi 40%, dan
pada stadium IV, pasien hanya memiliki 20% kemungkinan bertahan hidup
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